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  • EZ governments spent 2.5% of GDP in 2022 and 2023 to offset the hit from rising energy prices.
  • Italy and Spain are first out the blocks now, with tax cuts on fuel and electricity to combat higher prices.
  • Untargeted fiscal support will make a forceful tightening by the ECB more likely.

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Keywords for: 23 March 2026 Eurozone Monitor

independent macro research, Pantheon Macro, Pantheon Macroeconomics, independent research, ian shepherdson, economic intelligence